Casey Dienel -- who performs under the stage name White Hinterland and has won acclaim in indie music circles -- said she was entitled to "substantial" profits from Bieber's song, saying the amount should be determined at a jury trial.
"Ring the Bell," a track from White Hinterland's third album "Baby," released in early 2014, opens with a repeated four-note progression in her airy voice before synthesizers come in.
"Sorry," from the Canadian celebrity singer's album "Purpose," which came out in November, is also built on a repeated vocal riff interspersed with a dance beat.
"An ordinary lay listener would instantly recognize the sample and similarity between the songs," said the lawsuit filed this week in a federal court in Nashville.
The complaint alleges that the riff is so similar -- moving from the notes of B-flat to C to E-flat to F -- that Bieber's team took "Ring the Bell" as a sample and distorted it electronically without her permission.
Bieber did not immediately comment on the lawsuit.
The suit also names Bieber's songwriters as defendants, including Skrillex, a leading electronic music producer.
Some fans interpreted "Sorry" -- with its refrain "Is it too late now to say I'm sorry?" -- as the former child star's apology of sorts for his past antics or a message to his ex-girlfriend, fellow singer Selena Gomez.
The 22-year-old has had a string of legal run-ins for incidents including throwing eggs at a neighbor's house, driving under the influence of alcohol without a license and allegedly assaulting a photographer.
The number of copyright cases against major musicians has been growing in recent months.
Last year, a Los Angeles jury ordered pop stars Robin Thicke and Pharrell Williams to pay more than $7 million to the estate of the late Marvin Gaye over their hit song "Blurred Lines."