Global pressure forces Myanmar junta to crack down on scam centres, sources say

Online scam operations along the frontier are part of Southeast Asian criminal networks spanning countries including Myanmar and Cambodia that generate billions of dollars every year by defrauding people across the world, often using human trafficking victims.

At Sunday's meeting, officers told members of the Karen National Army (KNA) - sanctioned in May by the U.S. Treasury Department for facilitating cyber scams, human trafficking and smuggling - that the instructions had come directly from the junta chief Min Aung Hlaing, according to two sources aware of the discussions.

"(Min Aung Hlaing) met with military officials and stated that the scam centre issue was severely damaging the country's international reputation," said one source with direct knowledge, referring to the junta chief's orders.

"He urged them to carry out an aggressive crackdown before the election," the source added, referring to the junta's multi-phase general election, starting on Dec. 28, which has been widely derided as a sham to perpetuate the military's control.

Although the junta has publicly said it is participating in a multinational effort to curb scam centres, the sources indicated the military's urgency to conduct operations may have been linked with anxiety over possible U.S. actions.

Last week's announcement of a new U.S. government "Strike Force", which includes the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Secret Service, has raised particular concern in Myanmar's junta, both sources said.

A military official at Sunday's meeting with the KNA explained that they could not risk U.S. teams crossing the border to start investigations, one source said, describing him as saying: "We must solve the problem ourselves."

Reuters is the first to report details of the internal discussions within the secretive Myanmar military, which signal that, after years of allowing scam centres to gain ground, the junta is bending to growing international pressure.

Unlike other ethnic militias in the country, the junta has close links with the KNA, which the U.S. has said is actively involved in the scam centres.

A junta spokesperson did not respond to calls seeking comment. On Monday, Myanmar state media reported that Min Aung Hlaing had told military commanders at a regional headquarters to "eradicate" scam centres "as a national responsibility" but did not give details.

BUILDINGS DEMOLISHED, COMPUTERS SEIZED

By Tuesday, soldiers from Myanmar's military and the KNA began operations around the frontier town of Myawaddy, a major hub for scam operations and human trafficking that houses multiple compounds.

So far, they have demolished over 180 buildings, detained over 1,000 foreign nationals and seized 2,653 computers and 21,750 mobile phone, Myanmar state media reported on Friday.

Naing Maung Zaw, a KNA spokesperson, however told Reuters that the militia led the crackdown and the military joined the operation after being informed of the action.

"Our leader decided that cooperating with the military might make some processes smoother," he said, "These operations are led by us."

Scam operations in Southeast Asia originated from loosely regulated casinos and online gambling beginning in the 1990s, but rapidly expanded during the COVID-19 pandemic as criminal groups sought new sources of profits amid lockdowns and strict border controls.

Shwe Kokko, a major scam compound in Myawaddy, was set up in 2017 by the Hong Kong-registered Yatai International Holdings Group and a precursor of the KNA, initially advertised as a casino destination, according to the United States Institute of Peace.

The company has denied involvement in any criminal activities, including human trafficking.

After years of expansion, Myawaddy's scam compounds came under the spotlight in January, following the high-profile abduction and release of a Chinese actor in Thailand that sparked a multi-national effort to dismantle the businesses.

But the Myanmar military government largely stayed on the sidelines, saying it had limited authority in far-flung border areas - until now.

Jason Tower, a senior expert at the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime, said the U.S. announcement of the multi-agency "Scam Center Strike Force" to dismantle the compounds was the game-changer.

Last week, Thailand extradited gambling kingpin She Zhijiang, who previously headed the Shwe Kokko complex, to China at Beijing's request. He was arrested by Thailand in 2022.

"Two global powers pushing for a crackdown puts the Myanmar military and its BGF (Border Guard Force) in a difficult position," Tower said, referring to the KNA by its previous name.

"The Myanmar military likely now sees increasingly clearly that more and more members of the international community are mobilizing to address the massive threat to global security that the scam centres present."