Is urine a solution for the future of agriculture?

So once you've overcome your disgust at the idea of consuming cereals that have been grown with soil benefit from pee, read on to find out why several players in France view this substance as an important substance for the future.

The food industry accounts for a significant proportion of energy consumption with the agricultural industry in the US using about 800 trillion British Thermal Units (BTU) of energy in 2012, according to the US Energy Information Administration.

Behind this harsh reality, we must also add the very costly bill for the production of fertilizers used by these two industries. The greenhouse gas emissions they generate can be compared to those produced by plastics (4%), cement (5%) or metallurgy (7%).

The total amounts to some 2.6 billion tons of CO2 equivalent, or about 5% of annual global emissions, according to a study published in early February in Nature Food.

The work of researchers from the University of Cambridge has determined that what impacts the planet the most is not so much the production of these fertilizers which still represents a third of the emissions related to fertilizers but rather their use in the fields (two thirds).

The problem? The production of nitrous oxide generated by the bacteria that ingest the fertilizer. This is one of the most potent greenhouse gases. In order to grow, plants need a few basic things: nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

Components found in a liquid that humans all over the world produce: namely urine. In fact ancient Romans are believed to have used urine as a fertilizer in their gardening. And today brands such as French company Gerbeaud recommend it for amateur gardeners to grow vegetables, under certain conditions.

According to research conducted by Inrae alongside farmers in the Paris region between 2017 and 2019, urine has been proven to be as effective as chemical fertilizers.

Promoting urine as a fertilizer of the future

Since the 1990s, the idea of reintroducing urine into the agricultural system in order to reduce not only the cost of fertilizers, but also their energy consumption, has been gaining ground. Until now, most of the research has taken the form of experiments carried out to demonstrate the value of urine as a fertilizer, while combating preconceptions about as well as the disgust that abounds on the subject.

But last autumn a further step was taken in France when the start-up Toopi Organics obtained the green light from Anses, a health safety watchdog in the country, to market a new product: a biostimulant made from human urine.

Developed by the Gironde-based company, the recipe is based on urine collected from several locations including music festivals as well as high school and college toilets.

More than just a fertilizer, urine is used "as a culture medium for microorganisms" that improve the ability of plants to absorb nutrients naturally present in the environment, founder Mickaël Roes explained to the press.

The company expects to have collected 3.75 million liters of urine by 2027 through about 20 sites in France. Toopi Organics' patented process has also been commercialized in Portugal, Belgium, Italy, Greece and Spain, which could make urine a genuine solution for the future of agriculture in Europe.