Bad loans in the housing sector - ticking time-bomb?

The backdrop to this is Malaysia being well-known as having one of highest household debt ratios in Asia and the highest in Asean. Looking at the data, our household debt to GDP ratio was reported at 82.2% in June 2019. Bank Negara’s Financial Stability Review (Second Half, 2019) highlighted that household indebtedness level increased to 82.7 as at the end of 2019, driven by housing loans. According to Bank Negara Malaysia’s Financial Stability Review (First Half, 2020), household debt-to-GDP ratio rose to 87.5% by June 2020.

The one indicator or proxy to relatively measure the capacity to sustain loan repayment is of course the level of unemployment and under-employment. As has been emphasised by economists and commentators, rising unemployment and under-employment inevitably means reduced capacity to repay debt, principally in the form of the housing loans.

MCO 2.0 will mean the unemployment (and under-employment) figures are set to rise again – from the current level of below 5%. The latest figure from the Department of Statistics (DOSM) is from the month of Nov 2020 at 4.8% which translates into 764,400 unemployed persons. The 5% threshold which hovered over the economy for the past one year could be breached this year, perhaps by 1Q 2021.

If unemployment rises to 6% by first half of the year – 1H 2021 – this would then roughly translate into nearly a million people. Back then, it’s still a conservative estimate as forecasted by economists such as Anthony Dass, AmBank Group chief economist and member of the Economic Action Council secretariat in relation to the year-end of 2020, i.e., in the absence of an MCO as such and on the presumption of the recovery movement control order (RMCO) in place. What it means is that with the implementation of MCO 2.0 considered together with its extension, the unemployment figures – underpinned by sustained and continuing recession (in place since 2Q 2019) – can only continuously grow even if at a slow pace.

The other critical part is, of course, the price-to-annual income ratio which currently is at 6.2 times since 2016. Bank Negara has highlighted that properties in the country are not affordably priced based on the current median income. This means there is a mismatch between current or prevailing market price of residential property with the average income level.

Those servicing their housing loans typically are supposed to allocate at most one-third of their wages for the monthly instalment. But anecdotal evidence suggests that it could be up to half of the take home pay, realistically speaking.

Now this is simply because of the saving and spending habits of the average Malaysian, especially urbanites who by now comprise the majority of the population which stands at 77 per cent from the 2019 World Bank figure.

According to the Malaysian Financial Literacy Survey conducted by RinggitPlus (2018), as many as 59% of Malaysians do not have enough savings to last them for more than 3 months, and that 34% admitted to spending equal to or more than their monthly salary. The M40 as the majority of house buyers and owners are squeezed by combination of high cost of living and critically, very low savings. The same survey highlighted that 67% of Malaysians earning between RM5,000 to RM10,000 a month save less than RM1,000 monthly.

This is why last year, the Malaysian Trades Union Congress (MTUC) had urged the Finance Ministry and Bank Negara to ask banks to consider extending the moratorium on loan repayments by at least another six months – from Oct 1 2020 onwards.

The Congress of Unions of Employees in the Public and Civil Services (Cuepacs) had also called for loan deferment for borrowers under the Public Sector Home Financing Board (LPPSA).

Ultimately, it’s the price of the housing and hence the level of the loan burden that is the elephant in the room. The concomitant reduction in the loan interest rate will not make much of a difference for those who have to endure a pay cut, for example.

In the final analysis which is simply a reiteration of what’s been highlighted time and again, house prices in Malaysia have yet to reflect demand of buyers in terms of affordability and income levels in general. Whilst Malaysia seems immune to a housing bubble (based on past experience and current trends), but when it comes to non-performing loans (NPLs) under housing, it is not – again for the reasons explained above.

The rise in NPLs will affect banks’ earning which in turn might affect the bank’s leverage ratio, i.e., capacity to generate new loans, and by extension impacting on the overall liquidity in the markets with serious repercussions for the health of the economy.

Therefore, EMIR Research would like to make the following recommendations:

1. Crisis aversion – Steps need to be taken to re-extend the loan moratorium backdated with effect from Jan 1 2021 till Jun 30 2021. Or adjust the moratorium into loan discounts of up to 50% for six months from the same date. The remainder will be repaid for another six months after the end of the loan period as in the agreement.

As in the loan moratorium, compound interest should not be charged for this six-month period.

The Covid-19 (Temporary Measures) Act (2020) didn’t include provisions to protect homeowners from foreclosures, i.e., when they default on their loans, e.g., until end of 2021. Together with this should also be enforced loan refinancing measures or restructuring and rescheduling of the loan agreement upon the lending banks.

2. Crisis preparedness – Cagamas Bhd should be deployed to buy and take over (what remains of) the housing loans with the potential of NPLs.

Several options should be made available such as offering between zero and 0.5% interest rates to the house owners. This could stand-alone or be packaged together with the implementation of its shared equity scheme – which has been in the works since the second quarter of 2019.

The scheme could be implemented by increasing Cagamas’ share of co-funding from 20% to 40%. This scheme would then take place with immediate effect. This means the existing loan is converted into the scheme.

To protect bank’s earnings and minimise the one-off Day One modification loss, which is an accounting standard procedure meaning loss relating to the “opportunity cost over time from not having received the additional cashflow”, it is proposed that tax holidays and exemptions be given.

And Bank Negara could provide loans at zero interests to the affected banks, if need be.

To conclude, the double whammy of defaulted loans by buyers in the housing sector alongside the impact on the lender banks already set to possibly brace a similar predicament in relation to small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) loans should motivate the government to do something.

The price of inaction or complacency is perhaps something we can’t afford given the unprecedented nature of Covid-19 as perhaps fast-forwarding and accelerating this emerging problem.

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* Jason Loh Seong Wei is Head of Social, Law & Human Rights at EMIR Research, an independent think tank focussed on strategic policy recommendations based on rigorous research.