PAINFUL revelations of abuse and misconduct rocked the world of sport in 2021 as athletes from all levels of competition across the globe demanded greater accountability of trainers, coaches and the governing bodies that oversee them.

A report released in October sent shockwaves through the National Hockey League (NHL) after an investigation found that the Chicago Blackhawks failed to act on allegations made by player Kyle Beach that video coach Brad Aldrich sexually assaulted him during the 2010 Stanley Cup playoffs.

Aldrich stated that the encounter was consensual.

The report led to the resignation of Florida Panthers head coach Joel Quenneville, who was coach of the Blackhawks when the allegations were made, and promises of reform from the upper echelons of the NHL.

"This has to serve as a wake-up call nL1N2RS2BH to all clubs that you need to make sure you understand what your organisation is doing because you are going to be held responsible," NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman told reporters, promising change within the league while defending his own handling of the case.

The National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) was forced into a reckoning of its own as The Athletic in September outlined allegations of sexual abuse by former North Carolina Courage head coach Paul Riley, after speaking to more than a dozen players he had coached since 2010.

The report and subsequent fallout engulfed the league, prompting the departure of former Commissioner Lisa Baird and demands for reform, as soccer's world governing body FIFA launched its own investigation.

"(Everybody involved) didn't have much of a choice than to kind of put their hands up and go 'Okay, this needs to change,'" league MVP Jess Fishlock told Reuters.

"Do I think now that the league is sitting down going, 'Ok, let’s have this conversation' – rather than before where they were like 'We don't care what you think'? I think that has definitely changed."

ACTION DEMANDED

Across the globe, athletes demanded action.

"Many of us still have trauma and mental wounds," two dozen Venezuelan women's soccer players wrote in an open letter accusing former national team coach Kenneth Zseremeta of abuse and harassment.

Trainers for the Swiss Gymnastics Federation's women's team resigned en masse in September after in investigation upheld athletes' claims of psychological abuse.

Football Australia set up an independent complaints body in October after retired striker Lisa De Vanna said she had been the victim of sexual assault and harassment during her career.

Weeks after promoting fresh conversation around athletes' mental health at the Tokyo Games, Olympic gymnast Simone Biles appeared before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee to condemn USA Gymnastics, the U.S. Olympic and Paralympic Committee and FBI for inaction in the Larry Nassar sexual abuse case.

"I blame Larry Nassar and I also blame an entire system that enabled and perpetrated his abuse," said Biles.

On Monday, the victims of Nassar's abuse reached a $380 million settlement nL1N2SY1G8 with USA Gymnastics, the U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Committee and their insurers after a five-year legal battle.

"This settlement is about the brave survivors who came forward, forced these organisations to listen, and demanded change," Michelle Simpson Tuegel, who represents more than two dozen Nassar survivors, said in a joint statement with Tasha Schwikert Moser, co-chair of the Survivors Creditors Committee.

In July, the U.S. Center for SafeSport barred famed coach Alberto Salazar permanently from track and field, citing sexual and emotional misconduct, after American middle-distance runner Mary Cain in 2019 accused her former coach and the now-shuttered powerhouse Nike Oregon project of emotional and physical abuse.

The U.S. Center for SafeSport is an independent non-profit organisation that provides sports with guidelines on how to provide safe environments for athletes and training for coaches and administrators.

"Culture change is happening at all levels of sport," U.S. Center for SafeSport CEO Ju’Riese Colon told Reuters.

"SafeSport accountability, training and policies are making athlete well-being sport’s top priority but to see it fully realized those resisting change need to get on board, or get out - it’s happening with or without them."