LONDON: Unlike most 27-year-olds, Chung Ching Kwong does not want any of her life shared on social media.

Both her and her loved ones' safety and freedom are at stake, said Kwong, who left Hong Kong in 2020 to avoid arrest for her pro-democracy work after China imposed a sweeping national security law that year.

With hundreds of thousands of residents leaving the city since 2020, rights groups say the government is shifting its online monitoring to Hong Kongers abroad in an attempt to stifle their activism.

In July, Hong Kong police ramped up pressure on eight dissidents - some of whom are now residing in Australia, Britain and the U.S. - issuing arrest warrants for alleged national security violations and offering bounties of HK$1 million ($127,876) for each arrest.

Activists overseas said they - and those around them - are increasingly having to tighten their digital security and self-censor by limiting their social media use and avoiding public appearances online or offline to protect themselves and their loved ones.

"It's quite exhausting ... 'Okay what do they know? What should I avoid talking about on social media or online?' You become quite paranoid about what they can deduce from whatever you post online," said Kwong, who now lives in Europe.

Kwong said she has been doxxed - her phone number leaked online - and threatened several times while working on pro-democracy campaigns in Europe in 2020.

She worries about repercussions for her family back home and has cut contact with relatives after one of them was questioned by police last year about Kwong's work.

"It makes me feel quite bad. It feels like you're putting people around you in danger even though they have nothing to do with your work," said Kwong, who works for the Inter-Parliamentary Alliance on China, a global group of legislators.

A spokesperson for the Hong Kong police said that "in conducting any operation, Police will act on the basis of actual circumstances and according to the law."

The government did not respond to requests for comment.

BOUNTY

Until last year, Anna Kwok was largely unknown to her fellow Hong Kongers and the city's police.

Now the Hong Kong native is one of eight overseas-based activists with a bounty for her arrest, targeted for calling out human rights violations in the global financial hub after China implemented its national security law.

"After the bounty was announced, I received private messages from Hong Kongers telling me they cannot like or share my posts anymore. They know the regime is paying attention so they did not want to leave any traces."

The 26-year-old in 2022 became the executive director of the Hong Kong Democracy Council, a U.S.-based pro-democracy group that has called for sanctions against Hong Kong government officials, among other campaigns.

Since the bounty was announced, Kwok - who is the youngest and only woman on the list - said online harassment, threats of sexual violence and hacking attempts have skyrocketed.

"There are a lot of different kinds of threats. People would even send me messages saying that they wanted to rape me," Kwok, who left the harbour city in 2020, told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.

After cutting contact with relatives for security reasons, Kwok saw in news reports that her parents in Hong Kong were also recently taken in by police for questioning.

INCREASED ONLINE ATTENTION

Maya Wang, associate Asia director at Human Rights Watch, said the authorities are "using any means" to suppress pro-democracy activism in the diaspora.

Wang said that "(Hong Kongers) are feeling the increased attention by the authorities. People have always been very careful about revealing information about themselves ... but their level of sensitivity and fear has increased.".

"The authorities are using any means to get to them through intimidating families that are still (in Hong Kong), as well as observing the networks of people and surveilling conversations within the diaspora," she added.

Beijing has used similar tactics to track young Uyghurs living overseas who are increasingly using social media to campaign against forced labour in China's northwestern Xinjiang province, home to the Uyghur Muslim minority.

Hong Kong was once considered a bastion of freedoms on China's doorstep, enjoying a separate and independent judicial system from China under a "one country, two systems" arrangement when it returned from British to Chinese rule in 1997.

China says Hong Kong's 2020 national security law was needed to restore order after months of pro-democracy protests rocked the city in 2019. Since then, most of the democratic opposition has been jailed or exiled.

Hong Kong authorities say the security law has brought stability, and that the eight "absconders" including Kwok, by asking foreign powers to impose sanctions on Hong Kong amongst other activities, continue to endanger national security.

'TRANSNATIONAL REPRESSION'

Kwok said she is most concerned about the majority of ordinary Hong Kongers inside and outside of the city who no longer feel safe to even repost, share or like pro-democracy messages because of the security law.

"We used to be able to gauge how many supporters we had, what kind of strategies would be effective," she said.

"But now, we don't have that indicator anymore because people do not dare to even like a post. I think it really hinders our ability to correctly and accurately assess the current situation in Hong Kong and what the masses are really thinking about."

For Hong Kong researcher Michael, nearly every decision he makes - from the institutions he is associated with, public appearances to online posts - is calculated and stems from the "real risk" that he is being watched and tracked, even though he lives overseas in Europe.

"This is why self-censorship is sort of annoying and very real. We don't know where the line is, we have to figure it out for ourselves," said Michael, who used a pseudonym to protect his identity. "That is part of transnational repression."

"It's like trying to dodge infrared, you can't see it. Repression is not just the 'in your face' kind of repression. Much of it is invisible and that does not change when you're abroad."