Ceritalah ASEAN - Religion and the city: Identity politics in Indonesia

WHEN Cindy was 15, she saw a killing in front of her school in broad daylight. A group of gangsters got into a fight, and the victim, a young man only slightly older than her, was stabbed to death. No one lifted a finger to help. “It was gangster business, you didn’t interfere if you knew what was good for you”, explains Cindy. "By the time the police arrived, there was only a corpse.”

Moments like that make me remember what my mother told me: "Trust in Allah."

Clutching her hot pink handbag, shuffling along in her pink sneakers, clad in a denim jacket and black leggings, 28-year-old Cindy is a vivacious presence that fills the room.

We’re sitting in a spacious, hipster café serving macchiatos and cheesecakes in Bandung, the capital of Indonesia’s West Java province. Designed and constructed by the Dutch in the early 1900's, the city possesses a modernist 'de Stijl' vibe – something that's remained a hallmark over a hundred years later.

Cindy was a tomboy growing up. She now has two sons, aged 8 and 5. Karim Raslan Photo

Looking around the stylish hang-out, Cindy continues, "Kopo, in South Bandung where I grew up was very different. It was a very rough neighbourhood. Of course, it's much safer now, but back then there were lots of small workshops and people working from home. My mother would tell me not to go out alone, or I would be kidnapped.”

“We led an average life. My father was in the shoemaking 'home industry' and at one point was doing quite well, with six workers. The house was very lively then: workers chatting, always the sound of hammers, my father sitting in his chair and watching over the work.”

“But there was a lot of rivalry, a lot of jealousy in the community. Once, there was a riot and people came banging on my door. My father was injured trying to protect us. He left the industry after that.”

Perhaps because of this difficult background, Cindy’s father pushed for her to be more “manly”.

Cindy moved back to Bandung with her sons to live with her parents. She prefers living in Bandung compared to Bali. Karim Raslan Photo

“I was a tomboy growing up! My father would dress me in Power Rangers t-shirts and long pants. He cut my hair short…I would climb trees and rough it out with the boys. He wanted me to be brave and strong.”

Marvelling at her meticulously curated sense of style, I wonder out loud if her dainty look today is a reaction to those years of “masculinity”.

“Oh for sure! For most of my life, my father would choose my clothes for me, where I could go, what I could do. When I went to secondary school, I became very naughty! I would get multiple ear piercings and listen to ‘bad’ music like Britney Spears. The school counsellor was so worried about me. My parents used to cry about my behaviour then.”

“Of course, now, with my own children, I know how they felt. It’s very important for me to raise my children to be God-fearing.”

The home industry makes up a significant portion of Bandung’s economy. Cindy’s father was a shoemaker. Karim Raslan Photo

Cindy’s husband works as a tattoo artist in Bali and owns a few outlets. The business is doing well. For a time, she lived with him there.

“I liked Bali a lot but it was difficult. My kids (eight and five years old) were growing up surrounded by unusual influences. Bali is so wild! Once, we were in McDonalds when a foreigner walked in wearing just a bikini!”

“They were asking more and more questions. ‘Why is that woman almost naked? ’Why does father have tattoos, isn’t that haram?’ Frankly, I didn't know how to answer.”

The island of Bali has a population of mostly Hindus. This is in contrast to the archipelago’s majority Muslim population. Karim Raslan Photo

Cindy moved back to Bandung with the children and she’s much happier.

“Now, the kids can grow up speaking Indonesian and Sundanese instead of Balinese and learning the Quran instead of Hindu practices. I love Indonesia’s diversity, but I want my children to know God and to be good Muslims.”

Cindy is an ethnic Sundanese, part of a 36.7 million-strong community who dominate West Java. Indonesia’s second-largest ethnic group after the Javanese, they are deeply devout Muslims.

Indeed, the Sundanese have long been the backbone of political Islam in the republic with political parties like the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) and United Development Party (PPP) possessing deep roots in West Java.

Moreover in 2014, Joko Widodo (Jokowi), who won that year’s presidential election, lost the province roundly to the former general, Prabowo Subianto of Gerindra.

Cindy isn’t too interested in politics.

Bandung mayor, Ridwan Kamil, is an architect-turned-politician who will be running for Governorship in 2018. Pix courtesy of Tempo.co

However, she's a big fan of Bandung's mayor, an architect-turned-politician, Ridwan Kamil. Youthful and articulate (though there are questions about his effectiveness on the ground), the Berkeley-educated leader is hoping to step up to the provincial Governorship in 2018.

It's an ambitious move since he's forsaken his former supporters (including Prabowo) and embraced the President's cause.

Should he run for Governor, many are expecting a repeat of the kind of ugly identity politics that marred the Jakarta polls earlier this year.

Indeed, there's a growing concern that the both the local government elections next June and the 2019 Presidential polls will witness a heightened degree of religious and racial sentiment as different understandings of the role of faith and ethnicity in public life boil to the surface.

Certainly, Cindy’s difficulties as a Muslim living in predominantly Hindu Bali and of explaining Indonesia’s multicultural realities to her small children highlights that the struggle with identity politics here is as potent as anywhere else.

Cindy feels it is important to raise her children to be good Muslims. Karim Raslan Photo

The international media’s focus on caricatures like the hard-line Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) belies how much religion matters to Muslim-Indonesians—especially the Sundanese.

There is a greater emphasis on religious observance. This in turn has placed greater pressure on the Bhinneka Tunggal Ika (or Unity in Diversity)-style pluralism that has held the republic together.

Indonesia’s current and would-be leaders must hence wisely manage these competing tensions, lest the fabric of this very-promising nation be irreparably damaged.

Ordinary Indonesians like Cindy need leadership that will uplift and make them secure, rather than demagoguery that plays on fears and prejudices.

NOTE: Follow Karim Raslan on Twitter @fromKMR / Instagram @fromkmr